Sunday, November 16, 2025
AI Is Coming To Evaluate You
ICYMI: Local Donuts Edition (11/16)
How Much Screen Time Is Your Child Getting at School? We Asked 350 Teachers.
Friday, November 14, 2025
What Really Really Limits School Choice
EdChoice, formerly named for its patron saint, Milton Friedman, in a recent post tackles a real question-- What Really Limits School Choice? They do not, however, come up with real answers.
Martin Lueken and Nathan Sanders tip off from a Michigan study that looked at a study of Michigan's Tuition Incentive Program, a program that was supposed to make college scholarships available to students who grew up in low-income households-- and yet only 14% of eligible students used the scholarship. Lueken and Sanders (who do not link to the actual study) blame "bureaucratic friction, unclear rules, and poor communication," and from there jump to the idea that these same "implementation challenges" also get in the way of K-12 choice programs.
Bureaucracy, they argue, makes it hard for folks to take advantage of choice programs. It's the friction of all the confusing processes, informational missing links, and missed communications. They are not wrong, although they would do well to look at the number of choice schools that deliberately use that kind of bureaucratic friction to keep Certain People from getting into their school. Success Academy is a well-documented example of a school that uses bureaucratic friction to filter out families that they don't want to serve. They sort of get the idea:
Administrative hurdles can quietly limit who benefits from choice. Complicated application forms, documentation requirements, narrow enrollment windows, or poor outreach can all dampen participation—especially among families with less experience navigating state programs.
Yes-- but it's the schools themselves creating most of these hurdles, and they're doing it deliberately. And that's before we even get to the business of voucher school tuition inflation, where the school bumps up tuition costs enough that the school is no more affordable to Certain Families than it ever was.
The authors point to an "awareness gap" for choice programs, a problem of marketing and PR that keeps parents from knowing that the program even exists. So part of their fix is essentially better marketing. Advocacy groups, think tanks, private schools and churches could do more "outreach" to get the word out.
States could also follow the lead of Florida by allowing funds to be spent on a "choice navigator" to help you find your way through the education marketplace. They also want more timely payments, clearer lists of allowable expenses, and more certainty about the program's future.
Most of this bumps up against the real factors that limit school choice, but Leuken and Sanders either don't see it or want to say it. I give them credit for skipping the classic arguments, which claimed that "entrenched interests" and those terrible teacher unions and misguided legislators are creating all the barriers to choice.
No, when it comes to limits on school choice, the same thing has always been true-- the call is coming from inside the house.
It is charter and private schools the erect bureaucratic barriers, economic barriers, and "we'll reject your child if we feel like it" barriers, and "pro-choice" legislators who pass the laws that allow them to do it. School choice-- the idea of every child having a selection of schools from which they can pick the one that best suits them-- is pushed by a whole lot of people who don't really want to see it happen. Some of these folks are only interested in finding a way to get taxpayer dollars funneled to private Christian schools, and some would prefer a system in which everyone was responsible for their own kid's education and nobody else had to pay to educate Those People's Children.
In short, what really limits school choice is that it's a policy pushed, promoted, and instituted by people who don't really want school choice.
If we really really wanted school choice, we would require all schools that wanted to accept public dollars to also accept any and all students who applied. We would fund vouchers so that they covered admission at any school of the student's choice, no matter how expensive. We would make every school that accepted taxpayer dollars accountable to those taxpayers; we would have a certification process that provided the same certainty of quality that we get from the USDA stamp on beef, so that families could exercise their choice with confidence.
But because the choice systems we've got prioritize the interests the owners of these education-flavored businesses over the interests of the actual students, we get a "choice" system with a whole assortment of restraints and obstacles not to the businesses, but to the families.
Would better marketing and PR help? Well, it would give the choice schools a bigger pool to choose from, and I'm sure they'd like the chance to have even more students to box out.
But if EdChoice wants to get rid of the limits on school choice, they should start by talking to their own people.
Tuesday, November 11, 2025
Excerpts or Whole Books?
I say “purported” because the claim seems to be that in the past teachers were teaching their kids to read books, and now they aren’t. I’ve been around quite a while, and I don’t remember the past that way.
That's fair. Shanahan says he's been worked on various textbook reading programs for fifty years, so he would correctly remember that most basal literature texts generally relied heavily on short works, a few excerpts, and probably one full play and one full length work. When my department decided to incorporate more complete works, we had to move outside the basal text. Our AP track required students to read 7 or 8 novels, but even in the "general" track, we covered a couple of books a year. I would expect your mileage may vary depending on your local teachers. Shanahan later argues that the lack of complete books has been particularly true for K-5, though a first grader's "complete book" is a far cry from Moby Dick.
But I think Shanahan is missing part of the concern here. In my last decade of teaching under test-and-punish policies, it's not just that I was directed to use more excerpts, but that the excerpts were of particular low quality. Like innumerable teachers across the country, I was handed a stack of workbooks, typically with a few paragraphs on one page with four or five multiple choice questions on the facing page. To make room for all this drill, something had to go (of course, administrations tend to add items to teachers' plates without any direction on how to make it fit).We did all this, of course, for test prep. The Big Standardized Test asks students to read a short, context-free excerpt, and answer some multiple choice questions about it. So that's what we practiced. Shanahan says that "it would be the rare program that presents reading instruction as a series of random excerpts," and I would agree if we were only talking about basal texts-- but that's not what much of the "excerpts are killing us" crowd is talking about.
And the Big Standardized Test hangs over Shanahan's whole discussion.
I’d love to say that “Smith and Jones (1998) found that teaching reading with books increased reading levels by 26 points over what resulted for the excerpts group.” Or vice versa.
The problem is that there is no such research.
This is unsurprisingly correct. But it's also the heart of the problem with his main question. Shanahan is treating "reading ability" and "scores on a reading test" as synonyms. And no reading test I've ever heard of tests for things like "read an entire novel then reflect and develop and understanding of the major themes and how they are set forth and connected over the entire length of the work. There's a level of literacy that is simply impervious to standardized testing because that level of literacy requires depth and time. It's the level of literacy that, for instance, helps you understand that The Great Gatsby parties are meant as a demonstration of using excess to try to drown out the inner wailing of sad, empty lives and not as an example of the kind of cool party that people should want to imitate. It's the level of literacy that is able to grapple with the ambiguity that enriches rather than demanding that every question about a piece of reading must one and only one correct answer.
I don't know how you test for that level of literacy, especially the level that pays off throughout one's life as a grown human person. But it is precisely that level of literacy and comprehension that is needed to navigate a complicated modern world, and yet we have engineered a system that focuses schools' energy on Not That. Are we paying a price for it as a country and a culture? Aspects of our current national situation might point to "yes," but can I cite actual testing data? I cannot, because there is no test checking for that kind of reading ability. And as long as we keep treating "reading ability" and "score on a Big Standardized Test" as synonyms, we will not have such evidence.
Shanahan argues that reading a full book to students is not helpful, and I agree (he says that lots of whole book fans think Reading To is fine, and I disagree-- I have certainly met those people, but they were a minority among professionals I have known).
Shanahan speaks in favor of building "reading stamina" but says we don't need to go whole text to do that. And at some points in his post, I'm not really sure what Shanahan is trying to say:
My point isn’t that there is no cultural benefit to be derived from having read The Scarlet Letter, The Great Gatsby, or Beloved in their entirety. Those are wonderful books and the more kids who know them the better. However, I also think it’s wonderful for kids to get to know Steinbeck, Salinger, Morrison, Fitzgerald, Hemingway, Hawthorne, Melville, Lee, Knowles, Crane, Golding, Dickens, Homer, Frank, Bradbury, Wiesel, Twain, Atwood, Doerr, Lowry, Kesey, Keyes, Smith, Hinton, Updike, Orwell, and so on. There are so many fine authors and wonderful books, stories, plays, and essays, that a whole book curriculum is certain to be deficient when it comes to familiarizing students with this range of voices.
So... full novels are swell but have no benefit? Because we can't full novel our way through a full range of writers, why bother? I'm not sure. I'm pretty sure that there are benefits to reading some of these works, even if the variety is limited. Those benefits would include 1) there are a wide range of rewards and understandings that come from full immersion is a large-scale work and 2) there are many different voices out there and you will like some and not others.
Shanahan lists five concluding, and his last is his most solid:
There is no reason why schools cannot combine both excerpts and whole books in their English Language Arts instruction – fostering both depth and breadth.
Sure. And I would add that it is helpful if these works have some sort of depth or merit to them. Yes, we will argue until our tongues can no longer wag about what works truly have depth and merit, but as long as we're trying to steer by those values, I'm convinced that we will end up some place more rich and rewarding than we get with somebody's super duper test practice workbook sheets, even if our test scores don't go up on the way.
Sunday, November 9, 2025
NH: Considering School Takeovers
My very first school district is in the news yet again, and this time their troubles may usher in some bad legislative choices by the state of New Hampshire.
I started out life in Claremont, New Hampshire. The first school I ever attended (Maple Avenue School) is still there and still operating (sadly, North Street School and Bluff Elementary are not). I can still vaguely remember the layout of the playground where I ran around with my friend, fellow country kid Becky Dole, and my first crush, Lanissa Sipitakowski. After third grade, my father's employers sent us to Pennsylvania, and I have almost never made it back to Claremont. Strolling through Google maps, it looks like our old house on the River Road might be gone. The Livingston farm right next door became factory buildings years ago.
But I still notice when Claremont makes it into the news.
In the 90s, Claremont was the face of two major lawsuits, among the first to bring the state to task for inadequately funding school districts (you can read about it in Andru Volinsky's book, The Last Bake Sale).
Claremont is in the news again, and it's related to funding, again. It appears that all sorts of accounting screw-ups resulted in a district that believed it was financially healthy, but instead is in a real big empty hole. A deficit of millions of dollars. A deficit so problematic that the district had to get a $4 million loan from the Claremont Savings Bank to insure they could open the schools last fall. The superintendent and business manager have both terminated their employment with the district.
This is a good example of how some huge school district messes can be the result of local issues and not state policy ideas. But this crisis has opened the door to a state policy idea, and it's a particularly bad one.
A last-minute amendment to a bill in the legislature would give New Hampshire the option of a state takeover of troubled school districts.
This is not a new idea. It has been tried before-- that's how we know it's a bad idea.
Ohio has tried state takeover and it has not gone well (Failure Exhibit A is, oddly enough, the first district that ever hired me to teach) because, among other things, bringing hire guns from outside the district to deal with its issues while simultaneously trying to learn what they are-- not a great plan. In fact, Lorain had local-style financial and accounting problems similar to Claremont's, and the guy who was brought in to fix them was a pretty complete disaster.
Or we could look at Tennessee's Achievement School District, a bold school takeover plan that was supposed to take schools at the very bottom of the ratings and catapult them to the top-ish. It failed. It failed a lot, through several leaders and over the course of several years.
School takeovers mostly fail, and they mostly for a set of reasons, most of all because they assume that the state can find somebody who knows how to run a struggling school district and is, for some reason, available to hire.
Many of them also fail because their actual goal is not to fix the district, but to dismantle it and charterize the scraps, sometimes because of a childlike belief in the imaginary awesomeness of charters and sometimes because of a grown-up belief in the real power of collecting piles of taxpayer money.
The New Hampshire bill has its own interesting twists. New Hampshire already has a bill that says the state can revoke a charter school's charter or put the school in probation if the school commits any of several listed Naughty Things. So the argument for the new public school law is that public schools should be under the same sort of watch.
The stated goal is to get audits done and audit results public. However, the proposed amendment is extremely broad. A school district can be put on probation "if the school fails “generally accepted standards” for fiscal management; if it violates state or federal law; if the school materially violates a state administrative rule or standard; if the school does not file an annual report of its finances; if the school does not follow other state or federal reporting requirements; and if the school “fails to remedy” the causes of its probation."
Right there in the middle of the list you find that violating a state board administrative rule or standard could trigger probation, which is wide enough to drive a small planet through, Basically, the state board would be free to go after pretty much any district it was in the mood to take over.
If the school fails probation, they get a state-appointed administrator-- a school district tsar with the combined powers of a superintendent and a school board. The very first power listed by the bill is the power to
Override any decisions of the school district's board or the school district superintendent, or both, concerning the management and operation of the school district, and initiate and make decisions concerning the management and operation of the school district
This kind of super-CEO is what Ohio tried, and the question becomes where the heck do you find someone with this massive assortment of powers and competencies who is not already in a perfectly good job? It's an impossible job, a job that requires someone to be the best super-superintendent ever under the worst possible conditions. I suspect the assumption is that the school district is in trouble because it's being run by bozos, so any reasonably competent bozo can fix it or any barely functional charter can replace it, which mostly tells me that the bozos involved in this particular show are the ones writing laws.
The other problem with school takeover pans is that they never, ever include a part where some collection of wise people look at the troubled district and try to figure out what the problem is and what resources could be best used to fix it. This is the test-and-punish part of No Child left Behind and Race To The Top writ large-- look for a quick and easy way to determine a school is "failing," then target it not for special assistance, but for dismantling, defunding, and/or privatizing.
We could argue all day about the ethics of the takeover approach, but we can skip all that because it's like arguing whether or not it's a good idea to get spiders out of your house by setting fire to building-- it just doesn't work. Here's hoping New Hampshire doesn't turn itself into one more disproving ground for this failed policy.
ICYMI: Mom's Birthday Edition (11/9)
My mother will be checking off another year around the sun this week. We held a modest celebration yesterday because she doesn't like a fuss. Fair enough. May you have just the amount of fuss you want from the people you love.
Here's your reading list from the week. Remember that sharing is caring.
Education Helped Power the Blue WaveTeachers are Patriots! Who Knew?
Nancy Flanagan points out the obvious-- teachers are not a bunch of crazed America-hating indoctrinators. And there's research to back it up!
Thursday, November 6, 2025
Arne Duncan Is Now Betsy DeVos
The new federal tax credit scholarship program, passed as part of the One Big Beautiful Bill Act, allows taxpayers to claim a dollar-for-dollar federal tax credit for donations to scholarship-granting organizations, or SGOs. These SGOs can fund a range of services already embraced by blue-state leaders, such as tutoring, transportation, special-education services and learning technology. For both current and incoming governors, it’s a chance to show voters that they’re willing to do what it takes to deliver for students and families, no matter where the ideas originate.
They encourage governors to "unlock these resources" as if these are magic dollars stored in a lockbox somewhere and not dollars that are going to be redirected from the United States treasury to land instead in some private school's bank account.
Democratic governors are reluctant to get into a program that "could be seen as undermining public schools." But hey-- taking these vouchers "doesn't take a single dollar from state education budgets" says Duncan, sounding exactly like DeVos when she was pushing the same damned thing. And this line of bullshit:
It simply opens the door to new, private donations, at no cost to taxpayers, that can support students in public and nonpublic settings alike.
"At no cost to taxpayers" is absolute baloney. Every dollar is a tax dollar not paid to the government, so the only possible result must be either reduction in services, reduction in subsidies, or increase in the deficit. I guess believing in Free Federal Money is a Democrat thing.
The "support students in public and nonpublic settings" is carefully crafted baloney language as well. Federal voucher fans keep pushing the public school aspect, but then carefully shading it as money spent on tutors or uniforms or transportation and not actual schools. And they are just guessing that any of that will be acceptable because the rules for these federal vouchers aren't written yet.
Duncan and Elorza want to claim that this money will, "in essence," replace the disappearing money from the American Rescue Plan Act. "In essence" is doing Atlas-scale lifting here because, no, it will not. The voucher money will be spent in different ways by different people on different stuff. They are not arguing that this money will help fund public schools-- just that it might fund some stuff that is sort of public education adjacent.
But how about some "analysis" from Education Reform Now, which claims that the potential scale is significant." They claim that "the federal tax credit scholarship program could generate $3.1 billion in California, nearly $986 million in Illinois and nearly $86 million in Rhode Island each year," drifting ever closer to "flat out lie" territory, because the federal vouchers won't "generate" a damned cent. Pretending these numbers are real, that's $3.1 billion in tax dollars that will go to SGOs in the state instead of the federal government. It's redirected tax revenue, not new money. Will the feds just eat that $3.1 billion shortfall, or cut, say, education funding to California? Next time I get a flat tire, will I generate a new tire from the trunk? I think not.
In classic Duncan, he would like you to know that not following his idea makes you a Bad Person. Saying no to the federal vouchers is a "moral failure."
Next up: Political advice.
Over the past decade, Democrats have watched our party’s historical advantage on education vanish.
Yeah, Arne, it's more than a decade, and it has happened because you and folks like you have decided that attacking and denigrating the public education system would be a great idea. You and your ilk launched and supported policies based on the assumption that all problems in school were the sole treatable cause of economic and social inequity in this country, and that those problems were the result of really bad teachers, so a program of tests followed by punishment would make things better in schools (and erase poverty, too).
But now the GOP states are getting higher NAEP scores, so that means... something?
This is Democrats’ chance to regain the educational and moral high ground. To remind the country that Democrats fight to give every child a fair shot and that we’ll do whatever it takes to help kids catch up, especially those left behind for too long.
Yes, Democrats-- you can beat the Republicans by supporting Republican policies. And that "we'll do whatever it takes to help kids catch up" thing? You had a chance to do that, and you totally blew it. Defund, dismantle and privatize public schools was a lousy approach. It's still a lousy approach.
Opting in to the federal tax credit scholarship program isn’t about abandoning Democratic values — it’s about fulfilling them.
When it comes to public education, it's not particularly clear what Democratic values even are these days, and my tolerance for party politics is at an all time low. But I am quite sure that the interests of students, families, teachers, and public education are not served by having the GOP offer a shit sandwich and the Democrats countering with, "We will also offer a shit sandwich, but we will say nice things about it and draw a D on it with mayonnaise."
We have always heard that Arne Duncan is a nice guy, and I have no reason to believe that's not true. But what would really be nice would be for him to go away and never talk about education ever again. Just go have a nice food truck lunch with Betsy DeVos.




