In "Asking the Wrong Questions on School Choice," Pondiscio looks at the argument prompted by news that three major studies have shown that voucher programs show results somewhere between none and negative. Choice fans struck back by arguing the research. Pondiscio's argument is that choice fans have let themselves get sucked into the wrong argument. And in making his case, Pondiscio has flipped a long-standing piece of the school choice debate on its head.
His argument has two parts, two assumptions that he wants to question.
First, he questions the assumption "that district schools have a place of privilege against which all other models must justify themselves." This, as Andy Smarick has suggested in the past, is a rather non-conservative argument for conservatives to make, dismissing as it does a traditional institution.
Second, he questions "that the sole purpose of schooling is to raise test scores." Which, well, yes. I agree. Using the Big Standardized Test scores to measure the effectiveness of schools is baloney. I'm pretty sure I've been saying so for years. Why are the people I've been arguing against on this issue suddenly agreeing with me?
But this is the head-flippy part. "Deciding whether or not to permit parents to choose based on test-based evidence is presumptuous," says Pondiscio, skipping over how we ever arrived at this point in the first place.
We arrived here because, years ago, reformsters said, "Look, we must allow school choice because public schools are failing? Don't believe us? Well, then-- let's make some standardized tests based on a set of standards that are supposedly linked to college and career success-- let's make those tests mandatory for everybody, and we will use those test results to prove that choice is needed."
And so reformsters embraced the BS Test, pushed the BS Test, used the BS Test as a crowbar for prying apart public education. We got such nifty ideas as the Achievement School Districts, where the schools with the bottom 5% of BS Test results would be turned over to someone with the authority to turn them charter. We have heard repeatedly for years now that choice must be allowed so that we can free poor students from failing school districts, and our whole basis for calling those schools "failing" has been BS Test results. We have heard endless calls to free students from their zip code if that zip code includes a school with low BS Test scores.
BS Test results have been used as the central evidence of success or failure and the need to question the continued existence of public schools. But now we are flipping that script-- BS Test results should not be used to question the existence of charters or choice systems. Choice fans brought their obnoxious, rude friend to the school party, and now they are pointing at him as he tips over the punch bowl and saying, "Well, geeze-- why'd you let that ass in here, because he is totally ruining the party for me!"
Pondiscio writes:
School choice proponents who seek to prove that vouchers, tax credits and scholarships "work" by citing test-score-based research have allowed themselves to be lured into argument that can never be completely won. They have tacitly agreed to a reductive frame and a debate over what evidence is acceptable (test scores) and what it means to "win" (better test scores).
That is incorrect. School choice proponents were not "lured" into this argument-- they started it, set the terms of it, and used it relentlessly as a club with which to beat public schools. They didn't "tacitly agree" to this reductive frame-- they built the frame, varnished it, hung it, and demanded that everyone operate inside it.
What has changed? Two things, mainly.
One is the continuing schism in the reform movement between social justice reformers and free market reformers, a schism that Pondiscio himself marked almost a year ago. There are several fault lines, including the question of whether choice is best pursued universally for its own sake or directed at improving education for non-wealthy, non-white, and underserved students.
The second is exemplified by the three studies noted above-- choice-charter-voucher fans have now had years to test their ideas in the field, and they have no great successes to point to. They were going to take low-performing schools and turn them into oases of educational awesomeness. They didn't. They set up the standard by which they wanted schools to be judged; they couldn't show any particular success based on that standard.
And so we arrive here:
The question is not whether academic outcomes matter, but when they matter. Evidence should be used to influence school choice program and policy designs, not to decide whether or not choice should be permitted in the first place. The desirability of school choice and educational pluralism is a values-driven question, not an evidence-based one.
A choice system, then, is not a means to an end (like better education or social justice), but an end in itself. Test results are important as a way to fine-tune the system that we've committed to. We should accept it as a premise, then figure out how to make it work for students. A choice system has so much value in and of itself that we should be installing it and figuring out how to make it work later. Having a choice system is of higher value, greater importance, than educational results for students. I don't mean that Pondiscio et al are callous or unconcerned about student results; just that for them, parental choice has a high value. Or as he put it on twitter:
Don't ignore it. But much of the "debate" seems aimed at "does choice work" and "should we allow it" not "how can we make choice work." https://t.co/m4LuGpwsWr— Robert Pondiscio (@rpondiscio) March 7, 2017
At this question that Pondiscio and I definitely part ways, because I'm not opposed to a choice system in which students have a selection of robust educational options available. However, I don't believe for a second that we can establish such a system, because there are three concerns we are unable to address:
Parents. Parental choice is not enough. The notion that the education system exists to serve parents is reductive, narrow, and mistaken. The educational system is meant to serve the entire community and the individual student. Don't parents look out for students' interests best? In the majority of cases, sure. But like every teacher, I can tell stories of students who would have been better off raised by wolves (the honor student whose mother was incarcerated for, among other things, trying to run over that child at age eight with a car, on purpose; the student who was often tired because of the parent who spent the money meant for heating bills on beer, so the trailer was always freezing). Organizing around just parent choice makes it difficult to maintain accountability to all taxpayers.
There is a dark part of this argument that is still largely unspoken-- yes, some parents will make lousy choices, and that's too bad, but some people get the crappy lives that they deserve. It's the same underlying argument that says if poor people want health care, they should stop making bad choices (like iphones). It's an old conservative argument-- some people should suffer the unpleasant consequences of their bad life choices and not be rescued by the government (using my hard-earned tax dollars). But this argument falls apart when we are talking about making a child suffer the consequences for a parent's lousy choices. That's both morally indefensible and a poor way to build a better future for the nation.
Money. There's no reason to believe that we can finance multiple school systems for the price of one. "Cash is tight, so let's open multiple facilities," said no business ever. If we really want to do choice right, it will require politicians who stand up and say, "We're going to spend more tax dollars on education so that all these choices can be available." But in some states, we can't even get folks to fully fund the single public system they've got.
Regulation. Students cannot afford to lose a year or two of education while the market shakes out fraudsters and scammers. Students cannot afford to lose a year or two of education because some educational amateur is better at marketing than actual educating. For the same reason that public schools should be held accountable-- because no child should have one minute of her education wasted-- choice schools should also be held accountable to all students, parents, and taxpayers.
This last one is where the rubber meets the road. Some people believe in choice because that is their personal value. Some people believe it will improve education. And some people don't really care-- they are just frustrated that their business can't get at that sweet, sweet education money because there are too many hoops to jump through and too many rules that get in their way. These choice fans inevitably identify themselves by arguing for few-or-none regulations, because every regulation is one more obstacle to their quest for profit.
There's one other regulatory issue-- a widespread choice system could be put in place without having the slightest effect on social justice and educational equity. Because somebody is going to decide which choices are available in which communities. This is where the reform community is itself having a bit of a stew-- because reformers who want to bring educational equity to non-wealthy non-white students do not have the same priorities as reformers who want to transform the nation's system into a choice-based one-- and both groups have figured out that, particularly under the current administration, they can perhaps be more successful if they don't have to pretend to support the other group's agenda.
So if we could address all those issues, then a choice system might be possible. But it will take more than choice supporters divorcing themselves from the test-centered system that they foisted on all of us to get there.
I'm not sorry that the conversation has arrived at this point-- I feel that if nothing else, it's at least honest. Some choice fans feel that a choice system should be put in place because it's the right thing to do. Which, oddly enough, is how I feel about a public education system based in every community and run by locally-elected taxpayers. I will be interested to see where this new version of the reform argument takes us.
Peter, consider that Choice is not a question of Yes/No, but that Choice already exists. The rich can send their kids anywhere they want, and the middle class exercises Choice in their selection of where to buy a home.
ReplyDeleteIt's common to hear that a public school must take all comers, but that is not entirely true. They only take in kids who live within a certain geographical boundary. We all know numerous cases where parents filed a fake address for their kid in order to get them into a better school district (boundary hopping). We've also witnessed scores of cases where parents were prosecuted for attempting to get their kid into a better public school (Google Kelley Williams-Bolar).
Then there are the private investigators public schools hire in order to identify and expel those illegally (Hmmmm....someone else talks a lot about expelling illegals).
Choice exists, for the upper and middle class. The question remains if we should allow it for the poor.
So if you support the poor having the same choice as the rich, then vouchers should be roughly $30,000 a piece, right?
DeleteYou last query is disingenuous at best and misleading at worst. You equate "choice" with "access" but you miss the forest for the trees.
ReplyDeleteAs a lowly paid teacher I can of course walk into any restaurant I wish. I have a "choice". I can and have "access" to all the wonderful restaurants in Philadelphia. However, I can't afford to eat at all these restaurants everyday with my salary - just as "choice" does not, will not 100% guarantee that each of my students in an impoverished North Philadelphia school with get into St Joseph's Prep School with 100% of their tuition and all related expenses paid for.
To say that choice is a panacea for my students education is just not true. I'm still waiting for that Superman.
I do not understand this notion that you frequently express that there are many people who think some children *deserve* crappy lives.
ReplyDeleteGreed motivates many people to be sure, but how do you definitively know that powerful people behind the reform policies believe some children *deserve* crappy lives?
Do they express it explicitly or is this your impression based on their actions? If any person is saying such things, I am very interested in knowing his/her name.
I have heard it my whole life in the voices of people who imply, sometimes indirectly and sometimes very directly, that the poor are poor because they have made bad choices, because they deserve to be poor. They wouldn't be poor if they weren't bad people. It comes through in a hundred little ways-- today's example would be the suggestion that Those People can't afford health care because they are blowing it all on iPhones. It shows in a social safety net that is hugely pre-occupied in making sure that we only help people who are "deserving" of our help (and that's probably very few of them).
DeleteThank you for your clarification.
DeletePeople usually focus on adults when they state or imply that some people deserve crappy lives. However, many of those adults have children.
ReplyDeleteYou make a good point about the money problems related to education. Maybe we should have insisted that urban schools get more funding instead of relying on the inequity of property taxes. Privatization started because urban schools are neglected and short changed. Why is establishing parallel schools offered as the only option? It is because "reform" is mostly about privatization, not improving schools.
ReplyDeleteSo, the reformsters inflicted public education with their failed "accountability" experiment that's hobbled education for the last 15 years, and now they've decided, whoops, it was all meaningless, now let's grope our way towards something else. Meanwhile we're still having to deal with this juggernaut they set in motion that threatens to destroy everything.
ReplyDeletePondiscio now states that the only purpose of public education is to fulfill the "needs, desires and values" of parents. He quotes a book that states that other countries fund and/or operate both secular and religious schools and suggests that the U.S. should too. The book mentions the UK, but I know that this is not true of France or Spain, and I don't know how this is pertinent to the U.S. anyway.
A link in Pondiscio's post leads to another article written by him back in December called "Let Poor Parents Choose too". Here he explains that test-driven accountability was to improve schools for other people's children (not wealthy), but since this hasn't panned out, we shouldn't presume to tell them their children would be better off in a school with good scores when what they really want is to attend a religious or private school like the wealthy, and since this is what they really want, government, I guess, has an obligation to enable them to do this.
I asked myself if I would be for vouchers if it meant I could send my kids to a Montessori school, since there are no charter Montessori schools in my state (and why don't I have that charter choice?), but I couldn't anyway because vouchers would only pay for one-third to one-half of what any kind of private school would cost, and I couldn't afford to pay $10,00-$20,000 a year for tuition for even one child, let alone three. So obviously poor parents couldn't. (Cont.)
(Cont.) Parochial schools would also still be beyond my reach, as they certainly would for any middle class parent who wanted to save to help defray the costs of post-secondary education so their kids could have a chance at a fulfilling profession without being saddled by mountains of debt. I also don't understand how a religious school could be a choice for anyone who isn't of that religion, because not only are students required to take religion classes, all their academic classes are also permeated with religion whenever possible. Pondiscio alludes to the Zelman Supreme Court decision, but I think Judge Stevens was right in his dissent that the Court wouldn't have decided in favor of Cleveland's religious voucher system if they hadn't been swayed by the terrible situation of so many of the schools at the time. On constitutionality grounds alone it was clearly unconstitutional. Since then much money and effort has gone into improving the district school system and my understanding is that they're doing quite well.
ReplyDeleteEven if vouchers helped me send my kids to what I consider the best school, I'm not that selfish that it would be fine with me if they didn't help everyone; the same way, just because I have good healthcare insurance, I don't think it's fair that everyone doesn't. For example, I think Maria Montessori's ideas and methodologies should be considered best teaching practices. There is nothing controversial about them, and all of pedagogical science only confirms that her methods work the best for all students. Even a lay person could understand why they work. Her conclusions were discarted because of a book written by William Heard Kilpatrick, a disciple of John Dewey, that disparaged them. Her findings (she was a scientist) went against the factory model of the time pushed by businessmen, but even though they meshed well with Dewey's, Kilpatrick didn't want any credit given to anyone except his mentor, and it was easy for him to discredit her since she wasn't part of the power structure of the time, as she was a woman, Catholic, and a foreigner, not a man, Protestant, and American. Her ideas have filtered into the system anyway, but only in some schools and/or by some teachers, not in a concerted way.
We need to do what needs to be done to improve all schools for all students, and the new battle cry of "Parents' values, not accountability!" is not only a distraction, it's clear that its purpose is to help only parents who already send their kids to religious or private schools.
This is what happens when the twin ogres of ignorance and greed operate to destroy the less than perfect rather than remediate and rejuvenate. It reminds me so much of the movie, "The Help". One of the maids wants desperately to help her son achieve an education but needs money. Why? Because her low salary prevents her from earning beyond the basics. The "Christian" boss lady will not lend her maid money because, "It will make her weak." This is repeated over and over to refuse aid to anyone less fortunate however it is that it is manifested--race, gender, country of origin, religious affiliation, socioeconomic status or learning challenge. It's time we grew some empathy. In lieu of that, we need strong laws that protect "the least among us."
ReplyDelete