Good
afternoon, and thank you for allowing me to speak before you today.
My name is
Peter Greene. I retired after 39 years as an English teacher, with 38 of those
years spent in Franklin Area Schools up in Venango County. It’s the same district that I
graduated from. My two older children went through that system, I have a pair of
twins passing through now, and my wife teaches in a neighboring district, so I
have many stakes in Pennsylvania education. For the past decade I’ve been
writing about education; my works has been in the Huffington Post, the Washington
Post, and Education Week. These days I write regularly about education for
Forbes.com and The Progressive, as well as my own blog.
I’ve spent a
lot of time tracking and studying education policy trends across the country. Pennsylvania
does a pretty good job, and Pennsylvania teachers do a good job as well.
How do we do
better? Today I’d like to focus on meaningful accountability.
There are
few policy decisions that have had a more toxic effect on education than the advent
of high stakes testing. Reducing the impact of Keystone and PSSA testing on
teacher evaluations was a step forward. It would be even better to reduce the
weight of those tests to zero, including taking them out of the assessment of
school effectiveness.
The PSSA and
Keystone exams do not provide useful data to classroom teachers. The information
that they supply comes too late and too vague to be helpful, especially because
teachers are forbidden to see the actual questions that students had trouble
with. Nor do the results provide information teachers didn’t already have. No teachers are looking at Keystone
results and saying, “I had no idea that this student was having trouble with
the material.”
Twenty-some
years of high stakes testing has twisted education out of shape. Administrators
and teachers should be making curriculum and instructional choices based on the
question “will it help us provide all students with a full, effective, well-rounded
education,” Instead, too many schools have been asking “Will it raise test
scores?”
In my own
subject area, testing has been particularly corrosive. Teachers spend much of
the year on test prep, which means practicing taking that particular kind of
test. The test does not involve reading whole works and then reflecting and
digging deeply into the ideas, but reading a short excerpt without context and
answering a handful of multiple choice questions quickly—right now—That’s the
test, so that’s what students practice. Short excerpts of context-free readings
have replaced study of full works, and that’s a big loss to students.
We can hold
local administrators partly responsible for these kinds of choices or for the
over-scheduling of practice tests, but state policy has pushed them by putting
too much value on these tests.
Do we need
accountability for schools? Absolutely. But these high stakes tests don’t
provide it.
An effective
assessment is a tool built for a particular purpose, and that’s the purpose it
serves. A really good Philips head screwdriver works great for putting in Phillips
head screws. It does not work for slotted screws, and it doesn’t work as a tape
measure or a router or a saber saw. To create a solid accountability system, it’s
necessary to answer the questions accountable to whom, and accountable for
what? The Keystone and PSSA systems have tried to be accountable to everyone
for everything, and to do it in a manner that looks at just a tiny slice of the
education picture.
The best
metaphor I’ve read for the high stakes system is someone is searching for the
car keys at night in a darkened parking lot. They’re looking around under the
streetlight, even though they dropped their cars fifty feet away in the dark. Asked
for an explanation, they say, “Yes, I know the keys are probably over there,
but the light is so much better over here.”
Truly
measuring educational effectiveness is hard, though there are scholars out
there working on how to do it. Pennsylvania’s tests can generate numbers that look
like hard data. Does that data reflect the full rich reality of a school? Do
they measure the effectiveness of the school or the achievement of students or
teachers? No.
Confronted
with the idea of cutting the high stakes from these tests, supporters will argue,
“Well, without the tests, how will we have accountability? How will we get a
picture of how well schools are doing.” My reply is, “You aren’t getting that
picture now, and you’re doing damage to school in the process.”
Teachers
just don’t want to be held accountable is another argument we hear, which is
simply not true. Teachers like accountability, but real accountability, and right
now the state is still looking for its keys under the streetlight.
High stakes
testing has also produced a basic dishonesty in discussion about
accountability. Too many people keep using the phrase “student achievement”
when what they actually mean is “student score on a single standardized math
and reading test.”
One other
important point—while we know that test scores correlate with student
socio-economic background, no research has ever shown that increasing a
students’ test score improves their life outcomes.
There has been so much discussion about making up
for educational opportunities lost during the pandemic. Removing high stakes
testing, or at least the high stakes, would instantly give schools and teachers
additional weeks of time in the school year, and it wouldn’t cost a cent.
High stakes
testing has also been damaging by feeding the notion that schools are failing, buttressing
the case for some alternatives to public schools. I urge you to resist those
arguments. In particular, I’m asking you to resist the continued push for more
school vouchers in Pennsylvania.
The most
recent version of the Lifeline Scholarships vetoed by the governor, and the
Pennsylvania Award for Student Success program passed by the Senate are
certainly more restrained voucher programs than we’ve seen in previous years or
in some other states.
We don’t have
a lot of voucher experience in Pennsylvania beyond the Educational
Improvement Tax Credits (EITC) and Opportunity
Scholarship Tax Credits (OSTC), and we don’t know much about how those are
working because so little accountability is attached to them.
But we do
know a lot about how vouchers work in other states, and we need to pay
attention to those examples.
For one
thing, we know that voucher programs tend to expand, even when they start as
small as the most recent voucher proposals in Harrisburg.
Programs
typically start on a small scale with the argument that they are just to rescue
a few students living in poverty and attending so called failing schools. States
start with a traditional voucher that pays tuition at a private school and then
expand to ESA vouchers that give families money to spend on any number of
education-adjacent expenses.
States start
with caps on eligibility, including caps on family income and requirements that
the students be moving out of public school then the program expands toward
universal vouchers. In the past two years six states have expanded their
programs to universal ESA vouchers, meaning tax dollars can flow to any student.
That means that a wealthy family that never enrolled their students in public
schools can still collect taxpayer money. This kind of inevitable expansion
turns vouchers from a rescue for the poor into an entitlement for the rich.
Consequently,
voucher programs also expand in cost. In New Hampshire, a voucher program was
sold to the legislature with a projected cost to the state of $130,000 per year.
Two years later it was almost $15 million and rising. That rising cost can hit
families as well. In Iowa, when the voucher system was expanded, many private
schools immediately raised tuition costs.
We know that
without sufficient state oversight in place, vouchers often give rise to pop up
schools. Rent a store front in a strip mall, advertise your school or service,
market hard to collect a batch of enrollments with their voucher dollars,
provide substandard service, and go out of business—the average life span of
these schools is about four years. Proponents will argue that this is just the
market working, that families are providing accountability by voting with their
feet. But that comes at the cost of a year or more of a child’s education. If
we are concerned about the time lost due to pandemic closures, surely we must
be equally concerned about keeping fraudulent and incompetent actors from wasting
irreplaceable years of a young person’s education.
Fortunately,
the pop up voucher schools do not dominate the voucher market place. We know
that the vast majority of vouchers are used in private religious schools,
including schools whose stated mission is not to educate students, but to bring
them to Christ.
We know that
many of those schools teach questionable content. The war between the states
wasn’t really about slavery. All Muslims hate America. Satan created modern
psychology. Humans and dinosaurs lived together. All taught in some private schools
receiving taxpayer dollars.
We know that
those private schools often discriminate. Among the private schools accepting
vouchers across the nation, we find those who will not accept students with
special needs, or LGBTQ students, or students with an LGBTQ family member, or students
who are not Christian. We find schools that will only accept students who don’t
listen to secular music, who are born again Christians, or who have born again
Christian parents. One school in North Carolina does not require teachers to
have a license, but they do have to demonstrate their relationship with Jesus
by speaking in tongues. All in schools receiving taxpayer dollars.
Not only do
states not step in to stop such taxpayer funded miseducation or discrimination,
but most voucher bills are now written with specific clauses saying that those who accept voucher
dollars are not state actors and that the state may not in any way
interfere with how the school operates or teaches. Both the most recent version
of the Lifeline and PASS vouchers include that language.
Voucher
programs promise school choice, but in fact, the choice is the school’s, not
the family’s. Families that do not meet
the school’s requirement, or whose voucher still won’t cover the tuition cost,
get no choice, and their public school will have even fewer resources to meet
their needs. Draining public school funding for a voucher program is not the
way to fix Pennsylvania’s unconstitutional school funding system.
There are
other accountability problems with vouchers.
A voucher
system disenfranchises taxpayers who don’t have children. If you have no school
age children, you have no say in how the taxpayer dollars in that voucher are
spent. There is nobody for you to hold accountable. And because vouchers move
the purse strings from your local elected school board to officials in the
state capital, local control is lessened. In Florida, Governor Ron DeSantis found
that four private schools have programs he disapproves of, so he cut off their
access to vouchers. Those parents have no recourse.
Vouchers avoid
accountability to the voters. No voucher program has ever passed a public vote
in a state. Voters reject the idea of using tax dollars to fund private
religious school tuition. These days supporters call vouchers scholarships because
the term voucher tests poorly with audiences. So voucher fans try other ways,
despite resistance.
In Texas,
where rural legislators of both parties recognize vouchers as a threat to their
public schools, Governor Abbott is holding a special session to try, again, to
force passage of vouchers. In New Hampshire, a voucher bill was proposed, over
3000 people showed up at the capital to argue against it. So the legislature
withdrew the bill, and slipped vouchers into the budget instead. That’s the
very opposite of accountability to the voters.
Vouchers dodge
accountability to parents. The voucher deal is simple—the state tells parents
here’s a few thousand dollars. Now making sure your child gets a decent
education is your responsibility, not the state’s or the community’s. For the
cost of a voucher, the state absolves itself of any accountability for that
child’s education.
It is
absolutely true that every child deserves a full, rich education, no mater what
they zip code or family’s resources. But school vouchers do not get us there.
It is true
that Pennsylvania has not always perfectly met its promise to provide a quality
education for every child, hence the recent court order for better funding. But
the solution is not to buy out families’ claim to that promise with a small
slice of taxpayer money and say, “Go navigate an unregulated marketplace on
your own. If you’re unable to get into the school you want, or your child ends
up in a substandard private school, that’s your problem.”
Of course, education
is not their problem alone. All of us depend on and benefit from a strong and
accountable public education system, and that’s where I hope legislators will
direct their efforts. Thank you.
